Afghanistan and Pakistan Border Region Issues Impact on Pakistan Society

Introduction There are various issues that are associated with geographical regions especially where political aspects are involved. Some of the issues that are experienced in the Afghanistan and Pakistan due to the border region issues are; lack of trust between this two geographical areas and blaming one another which makes the process of solving the issue so difficult, problem in meeting basic social needs due to high poverty levels, high levels of unemployment and social injustice, and internal displacements of persons among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Afghanistan and Pakistan Border Region Issues: Impact on Pakistan Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has been lots of violence on both sides of the Afghanistan and Pakistan border especially after the US was involved in leading war in Afghanistan. The two countries have been in conflicts for a long period of time and various terrorist at tacks have been executed as a way of revenging each others deeds. This paper discusses the various aspects related to the Afghanistan and Pakistan border with much emphasis being given to terrorism in both countries as it is the root cause of the violence. It also gives an insight on the effects of intervention by the super powers like the US and the impacts of the border region issues on the Pakistan society. Terrorism in Afghanistan and Pakistan and the Geopolitics Issues According to the dictionary.com (2011), terrorism is the use of violence and other forms of threats with an aim of intimidating or coercing people especially for political purposes. It can also be understood as the acts of violence that are usually committed by a group of people who usually view themselves as victimized by some particular historical happenings and hence carry out the terrorism actions as a way of fighting back. They usually gain some backing and support from governments and carry out unexpected a ttacks which lead to a lot of destruction and deaths as well as instilling fear and confusion among the nations affected. Terrorists on the other hand are persons usually from a certain group who engage in the planning and execution of violent acts like suicide bombings that are intended to cause deaths of innocent people and scare the rest hence making the chances of perpetrating further terrorist attacks better. Terrorism is spread by the terrorist in a strategic manner as they aim at causing the greatest effect that is achieved by causing as much deaths as possible and also instilling fear and confusion to as many people as possible. It entails acts like suicide bombing and affects the economies of the affected nations as well as the psychological and social status of the people. Advances in communication has in a way enhanced the perpetration of this evil acts. Other issues that promote the spread of terrorism are conflicts, poverty, social injustice, under-development, inexiste nce of the rule of law among others. This is because the above mentioned factors lead to lack of unity among the people and hence leads to instability which enhances acts of terrorism.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although terrorism is perpetrated by people from different religions, Islam religion the Muslims is mostly associated with it as opposed to other religions. This is particularly wrong since Islam is just a religion and some Muslims are against terrorism just a Christians and other religions are although most of them are involved in it and in most cases those who are involved with the terrorism attacks associate it with the religion making the world to view terrorism as an act that is directly associated with the Muslims. Geopolitics entails a combination of geographic factors and political issues that influence a region or nation. It entails issues like leve ls of the economic growth and political power in a nation and it is usually unique to a given nation. The Afghanistan for example has a lot of geo-strategic and geopolitical significance as opposed to Pakistan and could attract a lot of interest from the super power and other international relations. Afghanistan offers better long term strategic prospects as compared to Pakistan in regard to the United States national security interests and regional strategy and hence its greater intervention in the wars. Pakistan on the other hand has some serious security threats due to its geographical location, bordering India, China and Afghanistan with political problems with India and Afghanistan. Pakistan has less geo-strategic and geopolitical significance for example to the United States as it appeals to the US only on some specific areas like its use a rental estate hence aiding in meeting the US strategic ends. The differences between these two nations lead to their differences in their efforts to fight terrorism (Kapila, 2009). Terrorism in Pakistan There is the existence of political crisis in Pakistan as a result of political conflict among the different factions in the nation and security threats from its neighbours especially Afghanistan and India. Terrorism in Pakistan is a serious issue and cannot be underemphasized as it has been linked with a lot of deaths and destruction and most importantly pulling down the nation in terms of development and prosperity. Terrorism in Pakistan has been executed with varying motives and with the application of advanced weapons hence causing a lot of harm and attracting a lot of local and international attention. Terrorism in Pakistan can be traced to various causes some of which are; permissive factors such as modernization, urbanization and industrialization which promote the acts of terrorism through the principle of creating vulnerabilities, motivation and opportunities that foster terrorism and also direct situational f actors like discrimination, grievances, social injustice or inequality, elite disaffection and lack of chances that allow for political participation for all among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Afghanistan and Pakistan Border Region Issues: Impact on Pakistan Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although there has been a large number of terrorist attacks world wide, Pakistan attacks amount to 2.9 percent of the world’s terrorist attacks. This shows that although terrorism is a major issue in Pakistan, it does not contribute much to the general world’s terrorism. It is however portrayed negatively by the media where it is shows it as a failed nation which is marginalized, under-developed, and poor and where terrorism is the main center of concern. This is however not true as Pakistan has been able to achieve some economic and even military levels that could otherwise not be achievable in a state that experience all the mentioned problematic issues or where systems do not work. Some other evidence against the media claims on the Pakistan’s state exist for instance it is ranked the 7th atomic power in the world, and its military is also the seventh in the world in regard to the number of personnel who are active in their duties among other achievements. Some of the factors that have lead to the current state of Pakistan include; lack of democracy which has led to political alienation and deprivation and a sense of hopelessness and lack of power among the people making the nation susceptible to more terrorist attacks. Corruption is also a major issue of concern which has resulted in unequal distribution of resources and wealth among the regions and perpetration of other immoral practices like drug trafficking. The imbalance is also enhanced by the social injustice and discrimination. Poor education system is also a contributing factor as it does not effective ly meet the needs of the country as it was initially set up to suit the needs of the colonizers. Those who benefit from the education system therefore become of no notable importance to the nation as they ought to be if the system was compatible with the nation’s needs. The prevalence of a weak judicial system also makes it possible for the criminal activities to be executed easily as appropriate measures to the offenders are not taken. The Taliban are also a great threat to Pakistan as it has affected its security through the various attacks it has been involved with and the power it has in the execution of the destructive acts (Bajoria, 2009). Impact on Pakistan Society The impact of terrorism and other issues as a result of the Afghanistan and Pakistan border conflicts .is experienced differently by the two nations and also the others that were affected. Although the United States promised to make the world a better and safer place, it did not work towards achieving the ex pected results and the situations even became worse in some states or nations. Here are some of the resultant situations on the Pakistan society. The Taliban is increasing in number and their energy in executing their activities hence increased threat to Pakistan.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The society also faces some adverse effects for instance increase in the number of displaced persons, increase in spending on health matters as most people become injured and the poverty levels also lead to poor nutrition hence poor health, and increase in the cost of education as a result of high levels of insecurity and existence of less education institution. The border conflicts and terrorism has also brought some problems in maintaining the Pakistan’s economic growth as a result of instability and hence the country’s growth domestic product (GDP) is low and the debts are high. The tourism sector is also negatively affected as tourists do not feel secure to visit the country. The production sector is also affected as the cost of production goes up and the business confidence falls making the business rivals for instance India to take advantage of the situation and exploit it. The foreign investments and stock exchange also decline. Unemployment and smuggling levels is also on the rise. Some of the recommendations that Pakistan should adopt to improve the situation include; increasing employment opportunities to its people so that they are able to meet their basic necessities and fulfilling its promise of providing basic needs like shelter, food and clothing to the citizens. This will enhance loyalty and patriotism and everybody will be ready to work towards improving the nation’s condition. There should also be steps towards reducing corruption where the government should enhance accountability in all its activities to gain its citizens’ trust. Justice through the judiciary should also be allowed to every citizen without any form of discrimination so that everyone can feel well represented. There should also be close relations between the citizens and the government for example through creation of negotiation forums. The government should also invest in the establishment of institutions and departments that are aimed towards imp roving the living standards of the citizens by providing services like job opportunities, means of airing their views and grievances and enhancing the process of service delivery. Facilities like hospitals, education institutions and social clubs should also be established as a way of building trust and goodwill between the government and the citizens. All these steps by the government will create a good relationship where everyone will have the urge to work towards making the country a better place (Bajoria, 2009). Terrorism in Afghanistan Terrorism in Afghanistan can be traced back in 2001 when the then United States president, Bush, had an attempt to bring down the Taliban government which its people valued so much as it had been a safe haven to the leader of Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, and all its members. The US powers towards doing this was not successful as there were conflicts among the various leaders and also the remaining Taliban forces. The situation was worse in the year 2008 as the violence heightened and hence worsening the condition for the Afghanistan’s civilians. The conflict between the United States and Taliban continued as the latter could not bear the pain of losing its powers and hence looked for means of fighting back. The ongoing border region conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan is basically as a result of tribal allegiances. This is because some tribes have occupied both parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan for instance the Pashtuns and Balochis .The Durand line is considered a soft border by people from both sides and hence it is the source of the conflicts and terrorism attacks between the two regions as either of the two sides want to have the full share and control of the border. There has been a lot of mistrust and bitterness between the Afghanistan and Pakistan as a result of the long history where they used to offer refuge each other’s opponents for instance Afghanistan harboured the Balochi people while Pakista n sheltered and trained the mujahadeen and maintained the Afghani Taliban. The porosity has enhanced the perpetration of terrorism as it makes it easy to undertake the criminal activities since the communication and transport or movement is easy (Kapila, 2009). The US in the war against terrorism in Afghanistan after 9/11 It is the 9/11 attack that led to involvement of the United States of America in Afghanistan’s activities with an aim of solving the situation. It did so by attempting to tumble the Taliban government in Afghanistan which was deemed to be involved in the protection of the Al Qaeda. This was however not an effective action or step as it did not solve the problem of concern. This is because it shifted the problem to the neighboring Pakistan as the Taliban moved their operations into Pakistan as a way of revenging by continuing the war. It is from this time that violence has existed along the border. This shows the ineffectiveness of the steps taken by the US a s it did not help control the terrorism but rather created a more serious and dangerous situation. The US could have dealt with the root causes of the problem rather than trying to solve the issue without prior considerations of the consequences of their actions (Pelovangu, 2010). Nature of US and International Responses and the World Perception on War on Terrorism The United States of America seem to be taking a wrong move towards fighting the terrorism ordeal. This is so because of taking Afghanistan and Pakistan as a single geo-strategic and geopolitical entity in its move towards restoring peace and stability among the nations and more especially along the border region. This can not take place effectively as Afghanistan and Pakistan are two distinct and separate entities in terms of geo-strategic and geopolitical issues associated with them for instance Afghanistan is a class higher than Pakistan in terms of power and region. It is also more economically stable due to the ample deposits of oil and natural gas and taking them as one will definitely not work out well. All in all there are mixed perceptions and views on the act of the United States of America towards fighting terrorism as some people take it as a selfish act where the US wanted to benefit from it for instance, it is said that if Afghanistan was not geo-strategically and geo-politically important, the United States of America could not have much interest on it and could not have had much intervention as it is the case on Pakistan which is not that well of. The further terrorist attacks in places like Pakistan, Madrid, India and London are also a clear indication that the more the war on terror unfolds, the more the world becomes unstable and hence the process of dealing with the war has been unsuccessful. Others however view it positively and see it as a saviour for example the number of terrorism attacks fell by 18 percent from 2007 to 2008 and it has been associated with the US intervention . The national counterterrorism centre also asserts that the number of world wide attacks by terrorists in the year 2008 was 11,770 and the number of deaths was 15,756 while the attacks in the year 2007 was 14,506 and the deaths were 22,508. This improvement in the stability among nations has been accredited towards the antagonistic efforts by the United States and other international forces through application of intensified law enforcement, new laws regarding counterterrorism, blocking terrorist financing and intelligence gathering and sharing among other strategies (Kellerhals, 2009). Conclusion It is evident that Afghanistan and Pakistan are at war with one another and the situation is exacerbated by the fact that the two nations have different geo-strategic and geopolitics significance with Afghanistan being on the lead especially in regard to the United States and other major regional and international powers. The differences in the nations’ significance has for instanc e been linked with the United State’s change of priorities in its efforts towards fighting the war against terrorism or restoration of stability and security giving much emphasis on Afghanistan as opposed to Pakistan which is in a worse state than Afghanistan. Terrorism is a great hindrance to economic prosperity, security, geo-strategic sustainability, political power and stability and the general well being of a nation and should therefore be dealt with appropriately from the root causes. Reference List Bajoria, J. (2009). The Troubled Afghan-Pakistani Border. Web. Dictionary.com Unabridged (2011). Terrorism. Web. Kapila, S. (2009). Afghanistan and Pakistan: Comparative Analysis of Geo-strategic and Geo-political Significance. South Asian Analysis Group. Web. Kellerhals, M. D. (2009). Terrorist Attacks Fell 18 Percent in 2008, Report Says. US Policy. Web. Pelovangu, R. (2010). The U.S War on Terror: Is the American Invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq Justified? Web. This essay on Afghanistan and Pakistan Border Region Issues: Impact on Pakistan Society was written and submitted by user Easton Gilmore to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Femme Noir as the Queen of the Night Fantastical Transformations of a Woman

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Synthesis of Strontitum Hexaferrites Nanoparticals ABSTRACT The SrFe12O19 is hard magnetic material (hexa-ferrite) with magneto plum bite structure . It has attract much attention in past few decades due to their Scientific Technological applications in the frequency rages of microwave to radio frequency. Due to used for high frequency application in multilayer chip inductor. This is due to high magneto crystalline anisotropy , High curie temperature, High Electrical resistivity High Di-electric constant as well as high saturation ( Magnetization Coericivity). The Dielectric Magnetic properties of hexa-ferrites materials in the nano regime are significantly different from their bulk materials. The work in this thesis consists of three aspects, Synthesis of strontitum hexaferrites nanoparticals by Non-convetional Citrate precursor method (chemical method). Effect of Annealing Temperature on Magnetic properties of strontitum hexaferrites. Effect of Structural , Electrical optical properties have been studied. These samples were characterized through X-Ray diffraction for its size properties. The particle size was determined in scherrer’s formula. The samples were studied for their full report showing their magnetic properties based on the hysteresis loop formation for the samples prepared at the two temperatures through VSM . Electrical optical properties have been examined through Impedance analyzer Photo Luminance. 2. Literature Review Since the Discovery of the M type hexagonal ferrites in 1950’s . It has being of great  Interest due to its application as permanent magnetic materials perpendicular  Recording media. Due to its low cost, the main reason for its great success at moderate  magnetic properties. Various works has been carried to develop hexa-ferrite by various  methods and their properties has been investigated. On other hand extensive work has  been done to understand the effect of various dopant. It is found the doping of metal ion, rare earth ion substantially effects their properties. Work carried out in past few years on different processing methods and different dopants are given below: Structural and magnetic properties of La3+substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles prepared by citrate precursor method [16] Ankush Thakur,R.R. Singh, P.B. Barman , Lanthanum (La3+) doped The effects of La3+on magnetic properties have been analyzed using vibrating sample magnetometer and discussed. The results show that the coercivity has been improved by substitution of La3+on iron sites; coercivity value found to be increased with increase in La3+ . La 3+doped strontium ferrite, prepared by citrate precursor technique, have been analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), FESEM,FTIR and inductance capacitance resistance meter bridge. The XRD analysis shows that crystalline ferrite phase with hexagonal structure. when the precursor calcined at 900 °C for 5h. The crystallite size is found in the range of 31–38nm and the elemental composition has been examined by energy dispersive X-ray. The dc electrical resistivity has been found to be increased with increasing La3+content. Synthesis of strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles prepared using co-precipitation method and microemulsion processing [17] ADrmota,A.Ã…Â ½nidarÃ… ¡iÄ  andAKoÃ… ¡ak : , Strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) nanoparticles have been prepared with co-precipitation in aqueous solutions and precipitation in microemulsion system water/SDS/n-butanol/cyclohexane, calcined in a wide temperature range, from 350  °C to 1000  °C in a static air atmosphere. The influence of the Sr2+/Fe3+molar ratio and the calcination temperature to the chemistry of the product formation, its crystallite size, morphology and magnetic properties were investigated. It was found that the formation of single phase SrFe12O19with relatively high specific magnetization (54 Am2/kg) was achieved at the Sr2+/Fe3+molar ration of 6.4 and calcination at 800  °C for 3h with heating/cooling rate 5  °C/min.The specific magnetization (DSM-10, magneto-susceptometer) of the samples was measured. Preparation and investigation of magnetic properties of MnNiTi-substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles[18] M. Mozaffari, A. Arab,M.H. Yousefi, J. Amighian M-type strontium hexaferrite powders with substitution of Mn2+, Ni2+and Ti4+ions for Fe3+ions has been prepared via the conventional ceramic method. In order to get nanoparticles, the obtained powders were milled in a high energy SPEX mill for 1h. XRD investigations of the unmilled and milled powders show that the prepared samples are all single phase hexaferrite. Lattice parameters and mean crystallite sizes of the powders were determined from the XRD data and Scherrer’s formula. TEM was used to analyze their structures, magnetizations and coercivities of the samples in a magnetic field of 15kOe have been determined from the hysteresis loops. It was found that magnetizations of the milled samples were smaller than the magnetization of the unmilled samples. Synthesis, magnetic and dielectric properties of Er–Ni doped Sr-hexaferrite nanomaterials for applications in High density recording media and microwave devices [19] Muhammad Naeem Ashiqa,,Muhammad Javed Iqbalb, Muhammad Najam-ul-Haqa,Pablo Hernandez Gomezc,Ashfaq Mahmood Qureshia A sol–gel combustion method has been successfully employed for the synthesis of Sr-hexaferrite nanomaterials doped with Er3+and Ni2+at strontium and iron sites, respectively. A Simple and economic method has been used for synthesis of materials. The main aim for substitution of Er–Ni in Sr-hexaferrite is to improve magnetic properties and to reduce the crystallite size. We are able to improve the saturation magnetization and remanence with the doping of Er–Ni. Crystallite size is in the range 16–14nm, which is much smaller than that reported earlier. Dielectric constant is reduced which makes the material suitable for microwave devices. Crystallization kinetics of strontium hexaferrite: Correlation to structural, morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties [20] Ankush Thakur,R. R. Singh,P. B. Barman Citrate precursor technique has been used to synthesize strontium hexaferrite and reported here. The crystallization process for ferrite phase formation has been investigated by TG/DTG/DTA for three different heating rates in air atmosphere. The thermal process mainly consists of three essential steps; first removal of water residues; second decomposition of organic compound and the third step is crystallization of SrF12O19. The activation energy of reaction is, 157 KJ/mole, evaluated using non-isothermal kinetic model. The precursor and crystallized SrF12O19samples have been characterized for structural, chemical, morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties Using XRD, FTIR, FESEM,LCR meter bridge and VSM respectively. Influence of annealing temperature and doping rate on the magnetic properties of Zr–Mn substituted Sr-hexaferrite nanoparticles [21] Muhammad Javed Iqbala,Muhammad Naeem Ashiqb,Pablo Hernà ¡ndez-Gà ³mezc,Josà © Marà ­a Muà ±oz Muà ±ozc,Carlos Torres Cabrerac A series of M-type strontium hexaferrite samples having nominal composition SrZrxMnxFe12−2xO19(wherex=0.0–0.8) has been synthesized by the co-precipitation method. All the samples synthesized were of single magnetoplumbite phase. The particle size was found to be in the 40–65nm range for the samples annealed at 1193K while the samples annealed at 1443K were in the 100–200nm range. The saturation magnetization increase with temperature and reached maxima for the samples annealed at 1393K and then start to decrease while the coercivity decreases regularly with temperature. Structural evolution and magnetic properties of SrFe12O19nanofibers by electrospinning [22] Xiangqian Shen,Mingquan Liu,Fuzhan Song,Xianfeng Meng The SrFe12O19/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) composite fiber precursors were prepared by the sol-gel assisted electrospinning with ferric nitrate, strontium nitrate and PVP as starting reagents. M-type strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) nanofibers were derived from calcination of these precursors at 750–1,000 °C.The composite precursors and strontium ferrite nanofibers were characterized by FTIR , XRD, SEM VSM .After calcined at 750 °C for 2h the single M-type strontium ferrite phase is formed by reactions of iron oxide and strontium oxide produced during the precursor decomposition process. The nano fiber morphology, diameter, crystallite size and grain morphology are mainly influenced by the calcination temperature and holding time. The SrFe12O19nano fibers characterized with diameters of around 100nm and a necklace-like structure obtained at 900 °C for 2h, which is fabricated by nano sized particles about 60nm with the plate-like morphology elongated in the preferred dire ction perpendicular to thec-axis, show the optimized magnetic property with saturation magnetization 59Am2kg−1and coercivity 521kAm−1. It is found that the single domain critical size for these M-type strontium ferrite nanofibers is around 60nm. Structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of Cr–Zn doped strontium hexa-ferrites for high frequency applications [23] G. Asghar, M. Anis-ur-Rehman M-type strontium hexa-ferrite nano particles with composition SrFe12−2xCrxZnxO19(X=0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) were prepared by co-precipitation method and are reported for the first time. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful substitution of Cr and Zn ions in the strontium hexa-ferrite lattice. Structural morphology studied by SEM revealed that Cr–Zn doping inhabits the grain growth. Dielectric measurements were taken as a function of frequency in the range (10kHz to 3MHz). Both dielectric constants and dielectric losses were found to be decreasing with the increase in Cr–Zn concentration. As Cr–Zn doping favored the decrease in dielectric losses to a large extent (0.32–0.02) so the strontium hexa-ferrite with these dopants is very useful for high frequency applications. Influence of the iron content on the formation process of substituted Co–Nd strontium hexaferrite prepared by the citrate precursor method [24] S.E. Jacobo ,C. Herme , P.G. Bercoff Strontium hexa ferrite samples of different composition were prepared by the self-combustion method and heat-treated in air at 1100 °C for 2h: SrFe12O19(S0), Sr0.7Nd0.3Fe11.7Co0.3O19(SS), Sr0.7Nd0.3Fe10.7Co0.3O19(SM) and Sr0.7Nd0.3Fe8.4Co0.3O19(SL). The phase identification of the powders was performed using XRD. Only sample SL (with the lowest iron concentration) shows well-defined peaks of the hexaferrite phase with no secondary phases. Nd–Co substitution modifies saturation magnetization (MS) and coercivity (Hc) but only samples with low Fe3+content (SL and SM) show the best magnetic properties, indicating that the best results for applications of this ferrite will be obtained with an iron deficiency in the stoichiometric formulation. Sol–gel hydrothermal synthesis of strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles and the relation between their crystal structure and high coercivity properties [25] Thi Minh Hue Dang1, Viet Dung Trinh1, Doan Huan Bui1, Manh Huong Phan2and Dang Chinh Huynh1 Hard magnetic strontium hexaferrite SrFe12O19nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel hydrothermal method. The factors affecting the synthesized process, such as the mole proportion of the reactants, pH, temperature, the hydrothermal conditions and the calcination process, have been investigated. The crystal structures of these materials were refined by Rietveld method. The obtained materials have single crystal phase, equal nano-size, plate shape and high anisotropy. The high magnetic coercivity of 6.3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °kOe with the magnetization at 11.1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °kOe of 66à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °emuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °g−1at room temperature was observed for the strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles. For other nanoparticles (SrLnxFe12-xO19and SrFe12O19/CoFe2O4) synthesized on the basis of SrFe12O19the complex completion of the crystal structure distortion and the interaction between magnetic phases were observed. Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ultrafine Strontium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles [26] Darinka Primc1,Miha Drofenik1,2and Darko Makovec1 Ultrafine strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) nanoparticles have been synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of an appropriate suspension of Sr and Fe hydroxides in the presence of a large excess of OH–at temperatures between 130 and 170  °C. To avoid the parallel formation of any undesired hematite (ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3) during the synthesis, a large excess of Sr in the starting composition (Fe/Sr = 3) had to be used. When the treatment was performed below 170  °C, ultrafine nanoparticles were formed. The TEM images show they have a disc-like shape, approximately 12 nm wide, but only around 4 nm thick. The EDS analysis showed their composition corresponded to SrFe12O19. When the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment exceeded 170  °C, larger hexagonal platelet crystals appeared as a consequence of Ostwald ripening. The evolution of the size and morphology of the nanoparticles with the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment was also monitored by XRD and measurement of the m agnetic properties. A Simple Method for Synthesis of Strontium Ferrite Nanoparticles and their Polymeric Nanocomposites [27] G. Nabiyounia*, A. Yousofnejada, M. Seraja, S. Farshad Akhtarianfarb ,D. Ghanbarib Hard magnetic SrFe12O19(SrM) nanoparticles were synthesized by a facile sonochemical reaction. The magnetic nanoparticles were then added to acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polystyrene, polycarbonate,and poly sulfone to make magnetic nanocomposites. The magnetic properties of the samples were also investigated using an alternating gradient force magnetometer. The strontium ferrite nanoparticles exhibited ferrimagnetic behaviour at room temperature, with a saturation magnetization of 39 emu/g and a coercivity of 5070 Oe.The distribution of the SrFe12O19nanoparticles into the polymeric matrixes increases the coercivity. Magnetic, physical and electrical properties of Zr–Ni-substituted co-precipitated strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles [28] Muhammad Javed Iqbala ,Muhammad Naeem Ashiqa,Pablo Hernandez-Gomezb, Jose Maria Munozb A series of Zr–Ni-substituted strontium hexaferrite materials, SrZrxNixFe12−2xO19(x=0.0–0.8), was synthesized by the co-precipitation method and the crystallite size determined to be in the range of 30–47nm. The saturation magnetization increased from 72 to 98kAm−1while coercivity decreased from 1710 to 428Oe with Zr–Ni substitution. This improvement in both these properties makes these materials suitable for applications in recording media. The increase in resistivity suggests that the synthesized materials can be useful for application in microwave devices. Structural and electromagnetic characteristics of substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles [29] Ali Ghasemia,,Akimitsu Morisakob Substituted strontium ferrite SrFe9(Mn0.5Co0.5Zr)3/2O19has been prepared from sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and vector network analyzer, were used to analyze the structure and dynamic magnetic properties. Powders of sample show a hexagonal fine platelet structure and narrow particle size distribution. Based on microwave measurement on reflectivity, SrFe9(Mn0.5Co0.5Zr)3/2O19may be a good candidate for electromagnetic compatibility and other practical applications at high frequency.

Aurora Borealis

Aurora Borealis In 1921 Pierre Gassendi was the person who named the colored light in the sky Aurora Borealis. Aurora comes from the goddess of dawn and borealis comes from the god of the north wind, which in Latin mean Boreas. Another name for them is the Northern Light. Alaska is one of few to have the privilege to see them. In the black and white picture by William R. Norton, in the Yukon Territory shows the northern lights. In this picture it show a lot of trees, snow and a single cabin, no river, no tools, but it does look like a light was on looking at the window.The northern lights is a wide spread of a white compared to the sky which is black. The trees sway as the wind as it blows by. This picture is a picture that helps explain how the upper north is where it is clearer. In a rural area in a calm setting a beautiful thing happen. It is something not just every Alaskan wants to see but everyone wants to see. The beauty that science can bring to this earth is amazing. As peop le stand or sit in awe of the view, they take in every moment that they have.This picture is picture that can and will forever remind us that our world / earth is a beautiful, a place worth living in. Have experienced the northern light many times before, I honestly can say it never get old. Each and ever time it is a new experience for me. Seeing the color and the way they move is amazing. I remember one time I was at my cabin and we saw them dancing outside. So my family went out to enjoy them my grand pa â€Å" said watch as they move even more as I whistle. As he whistled they moved more when he stopped they slowed down.TO me it was amazing. TO me this seeing the northern lights was amazing. I have always wondered how it happen so I found out. As many people wonder how northern lights appear. Studies conclude that the northern lights happen when highly charged electron from solar wind interact with the earth’s atmosphere. The solar wind comes from the sun at 1 million mi les per hour. After 40 hours they finally reach earth. When in earth’s atmosphere they follow the line of magnetic force. The colors astonish people. The colors are so bright and calming and different each time.You see the color blue is when an atom is struck anywhere from 20 to 60 miles in altitude. The color green is any where from 20 to150 miles in altitude. Purple is seen when is above 60 miles in altitude. Lastly red, and that only if it above 150 miles in altitude. Title: Aurora Borealis. Northern Light, Selkirk, Y. T. Author: William R. Norton Circa: 1890-1920 Aurora_Borealis_Northern_Lights_Selkirk_YT. jpg http://ancienthistory. about. com/od/expressions/g/AuroraBorealis. htm http://science. howstuffworks. com/nature/climate-weather/atmospheric/question471. htm

Constitution Cafe Essay

The Constitution Cafe written by Christopher Phillips is mainly about the viewpoints of students around the country and what could be different about the Constitution. While the majority of the students from the meetings feel like there should be a few things added to the articles of the Constitution, because things are different today than when it was first written in 1787. The book informs the readers on the basics of our rights and understanding more about the Constitution itself. There are many issues discussed such as immigration, justice for all, rights, money matters but I’ll only be going over a few of these issues. One argument Phillips discusses is the number of refugees who immigrate to the United States. There are a few students in the meeting that admit to be refugees, and are trying to support their families who are back in Mexico. They argue how it’s not right for Mexico president and leaders who are able to fly over into other countries in their private jets, but immigrants like Ricardo would end up getting killed for trying to find work in the U.  S. â€Å"We never had rights in Mexico, though our homeland’s constitution says we all have equal rights,† says Oscar (p. 112). Although they don’t have any rights in the U. S. , they still find a way to work harder than most citizens and will do anything to provide the best life for their families. I strongly agree with the Constitution Cafe Article the students wrote in which they want the Constitution to change, because most refugees who come to the U. S. want to have rights and live life without worrying about getting deported back to Mexico. Many Americans say immigrants shouldn’t be allowed if they weren’t born in the U. S. and call them names such as ‘wetbacks’ but some take that as a compliment since their backs are wet, because they work the hardest. Another argument the author addresses is with a few junior high school students who agree that every U. S. citizen when they turn the age eighteen should receive an equal lump sum payment of at least $50,000. 00. The students say you should only be able to keep the money if you’re doing good and spending it on well needed things. Sure, a few people will take advantage of their big payday and do nothing good with their lives if they don’t have to. But I’m betting most will make the most of this opportunity† (p87). We all know once you turn eighteen then you could be on your own and spend the money on unnecessary things. This is why I don’t agree with the students, and some points I can relate to like for instance some parents aren’t able to provide much so the money could help the family. I also see it as the population would sky rocket because everyone would have kids for the money once they turn eighteen. Life isn’t that easy just to have a huge payment waiting for you. It’s not fair to the ones who are over the age of eighteen and had to work hard for all that they have and didn’t just have $50,000 handed to them. A question I have for the students would be, â€Å"where the money would be coming from? † This is a very good argument, because any parent wants a good future for their child and especially if the money goes to college tuitions. Finally, the last argument that caught my attention is scout’s honor that the president should have to live by before becoming president of the U.  S. They argue about how easy it is to be president when all they ask for is you have to be thirty five years old and have resided in the U. S. at least fourteen years. A group of boy scouts say the president didn’t have to be a boy scout when he was younger but should promise to be trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent. Our next president could have been in a gang or committed some type of crime and they would still win the president election. The citizens want someone who will be role model to all ages and prove by his/her actions, not just words. â€Å"This article may be about the ideal qualities we want in a president, but most of all, if you read between the lines, it’s really about the ideal qualities we want in ourselves† (p105). Arturo statement is true because we all want to be perfect but we all mistakes and so will the president, but at least there’s one person who will have all the qualities that we need to run the U. S.  This one argument I strongly agree with from the beginning all the way to the end with the written Constitution Cafe Article. A president should give their full duty to our country and of course believe in God. Christopher Phillips message would have to be getting his readers to understand what our Constitution is all about and there could be changes to it every day in life by anyone but it has to get approved of course. Thomas Jefferson believed that Americans should rewrite the Constitution every twenty years to meet our current needs in the generation we live in today. This is why Phillips has traveled the country asking Americans if and how they would rewrite our Constitution if given the chance. His main goal is to make the U. S. a better place and keep us all updated with the Constitution itself and hope from reading the book that we all learned something new about all the different arguments. From reading Constitution Cafe, I’ve learned so much more about the Constitution and the changes that have been made over years. I can definitely say now I know a lot about Thomas Jefferson than I did before, and all that he has done for the U.  S. From the many arguments in the book, I talked about a few and summarized what it was about. We should understand the basics of our rights, and if there’s something we want to make a change to in the Constitution we need to get together and write an article. All of the U. S. citizens will have different opinions on immigrants, rights, president qualities, money matters, and many more topics that relate to the Constitution. I can’t wait to read the part two of Constitution Cafe in the next twenty years, and to see what will change for the future generations.

Whitewater Vs. Watergate essays

Whitewater Vs. Watergate essays In the history of the United States, many presidents have been struck down because of their inability to avoid career-crippling scandals. In this research paper, I will discuss two former presidents whose terms were riddled with scandal, Clinton with whitewater, and Nixon with Watergate. First, I will give a brief overview of the two scandals. Then, I will compare and contrast many of the main points of interest. In the beginning, both of the scandals seemed to be rather low key. As the scandals were aggressively researched and more evidence was uncovered, political intrigue and criminal investigations reigned. When Nixons scandal was uncovered, it was proven the president was involved in political sabotage, theft, blackballing, wiretapping and smear campaigns. In Clintons scandal, it was discovered that the president was involved in much more than just an illegal loan. President Clinton abused his presidential power, which was extremely detrimental to the integrity of the nati on. Watergate and Whitewater were similar in that both circled around a central criminal event, and both sparked vast political intrigue. In the Watergate scandal the Senate reported an unprecedented abuse of the power that comes with Commander In Chief. It began with the unsuccessful burglary in the Watergate office building by people linked to the re-election committee of President Nixon (Olson 26). However, the Senate Watergate Committee uncovered a lot more than just a burglary. The Senate hearings showed that Watergate was composed of constant criminality by the Nixon White House, and was driven by an extreme commitment to maintain control of power by any means, including criminal conduct. Daniel Elsberg, the possessor of the infamous Pentagon Papers had given the papers to his psychiatrist for safe keeping. In a futile and desperate measure, Nixon ordered the breaking in of the psychiatrists office in hopes of re...

Display Todays Date on Your Website

Display Today's Date on Your Website Server-side PHP scripting gives web developers the ability to add features that change  to their websites. They can use it to generate dynamic page content, collect form data, send and receive cookies and display the current date. This code only works on pages where PHP is enabled, which means the code displays a date on pages that end in .php. You can name your ​HTML page with a .php extension or other extensions set up on your server to run PHP. Example PHP Code for Todays Date Using PHP,  you can display the current date on your website using a single line of PHP code. Heres How It Works Inside an HTML file, somewhere in the body of the HTML, the script starts  by opening the PHP code with the symbol.Next, the code uses the print( ) function to send the date it is about to generate to the browser.The date function is then used to generate the current days date.Finally, the PHP script is closed using the ? symbols.The code returns to the body of the HTML file. About That Funny-Looking Date Format PHP uses formatting options to format date output. The lower case L- or l- represents the day of the week Sunday through Saturday. F calls for a textual representation of a month such as January. The day of the month is indicated by d, and Y is the representation for a year, such as 2017. Other formatting parameters can be seen at the PHP website.

The Implications of Downsizing (Rightsizing) to the Employees, Research Paper

The Implications of Downsizing (Rightsizing) to the Employees, Communities, and Families of the Employees - Research Paper Example    Downsizing exposes the employees, communities, and the families of employees to psychological, emotional, and physical distress whether they remain employed or get fired. Generally speaking, the implications of downsizing include embarrassment, lack of the source of income, depression, low self-esteem, emotional abuse, social exclusion, and poverty.   I shall also identify the relative importance of the three kinds of stressors, so that the most significant, the significant, and the least significant stressors are identified separately. The expected outcome of the result is a list of contributors of psychological, emotional, and physical distress for the identified populations, along with the relative importance of each category of stressors. Knowledge of these stressors is the preliminary step towards the identification of the potential ways in which the effect of these stressors can be reduced. ... The first challenge in front of these employees is to seek employment somewhere else. Since they have not left the organization on their own and have rather been fired, this serves as a very negative point if the employees cannot somehow manage to prove that they left the organization on their own. The recruiters tend to suspect the eligibility of such employees for the job because they were rejected by their previous employers. Downsizing is mostly a consequence of the deteriorating political and socioeconomic conditions in a country, so when one organization downsizes, most of the other organizations are also doing the same. Finding a job in these circumstances becomes even more difficult for the employees. The process of searching for the job is not only physically tiring but is also emotionally demanding as one has to face the high expectations of the friends and family members who depend financially on one with no job in hand. The second challenge in front of the unemployed empl oyee is the constant feeling of embarrassment in front of the friends and family members. Owing to the shortage of money, it is not very uncommon for one to decline to the level that one has to ask friends for money, which in itself is a very embarrassing process, and often the loan is not granted without interest that puts the individual into an even greater financial stress for the time to come. The employees have to meet the daily needs in an increasingly tough environment wherein the prices of things are skyrocketing. All of these factors mutually function to negatively affect the individual’s health and psychology.  Ã‚  

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Sustainability - Essay Example The multidimensional perspectives of a business should therefore encompass several environmental and ecological issues and factors. In other words, in any analysis of a business’ performance, the social, cultural, health-related and monetary/financial aspects of its operations must be integrated. Thus, the idea of sustainability surpasses sustained business yields of welfare, resources and profit and touches on social and communal effects (Farley & Daly, 2004). This paper explores the benefits that Janssen UK, a medium-sized leading transnational research-based pharmaceutical company with its headquarters in High Wycombe might enjoy from sustainability, the leadership initiatives by which the company may become a leader in sustainability and how the organisation’s leadership might effect the sustainability change. The Benefits of Sustainability The big question that many people, especially company managers and CEOs ask is whether sustainability really works. In other wo rds, are there real benefits of sustainability? For Janssen UK, the general and simplest response to this question is yes. This answer is supported by the fact that other top-ranking small-, medium- and large-sized organisations in the world are either practicing or introducing sustainability to their operations and practices. In addition, more workers now choose organisations or employers based on their environmental credentials, friendliness and corporate citizenship (Hawken & Lovins, 1999). Nonetheless, owners, CEOs and managers continue to question the costs and financial benefits even as they enjoy the benefits of sustainability. It is however generally supported that businesses that seek to reduce the amount of resources or materials used in the production of the same amount of goods and services or that seek to reduce cases of sick leave while improving staff retention rates definitely enjoy the financial benefits of sustainability (Von Weizsacker, 1998). That sustainability has immense personal and professional benefits is evidenced by the reports of organisations that successfully implement sustainability programs. The benefits of sustainability for Janssen UK may be largely categorised as financial, brand and reputation, human resources and employee engagement and environmental benefits. Under the financial benefits, Janssen UK may enjoy reduced energy and water usage, hence reduced production costs (Daly & Cobb, 1999). In addition, Janssen UK could enjoy reduced paper, waste and associated costs as well as reduced use of production materials. In some cases, the company may receive grants due to its improved sustainability practices. The other likely financial benefit of sustainability to Janssen UK is visibility of business performance as a result of mandatory reporting. As mentioned earlier, businesses that implement sustainability programs have numerous human resources and employee engagement benefits. For Janssen UK, these benefits include but ar e not limited to improved working conditions, increase productivity, improved attraction and retention of labourers, increased staff loyalty and lowered costs associated with improved human resource outcomes (Jackson et al., 2008). The third category of the benefits of sustainability, the brand and reputation benefits include better corporate social responsibility performance, lowered liability and risk management, improved competitiveness and market positioning and increased